English Original
Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5th, 1818 in Trier, Germany, into a middle-class Jewish family. His father, a lawyer, converted to Lutheranism to avoid discrimination. Marx received a broad education and was influenced by his mentor, Ludwig von Westphalen, who introduced him to early socialist ideas.
As a student in Bonn and Berlin, Marx was drawn to Hegelian philosophy but aligned with the radical "Young Hegelians." His political views hindered an academic career, leading him to journalism. His radical writings attracted Prussian censors, forcing the closure of his publication and his subsequent move to Paris in 1843.
In Paris, a hub for radicals, Marx met Friedrich Engels. Together, they began developing the foundations of Communism. Expelled from France in 1845, Marx moved to Belgium and became involved with the Communist League. In 1848, he and Engels published the Communist Manifesto, a call to revolution.
After the failed revolutions of 1848, Marx settled in London. Initially awaiting renewed revolution, he eventually focused on theoretical work, culminating in the first volume of Das Kapital (1867). In 1864, he helped found the International Workingmen's Association (First International), gaining significant influence. However, internal conflicts, notably with anarchists, led to its dissolution in 1876.
Marx's later years were spent in London, where he continued writing and advising socialist movements, though he held no formal leadership roles. He died in 1883, his predicted proletarian revolution still unrealized.
中文翻译
卡尔·海因里希·马克思于1818年5月5日出生在德国特里尔的一个中产阶级犹太家庭。他的父亲是一名律师，为避免歧视改信了路德宗。马克思接受了广泛的教育，并受到其导师路德维希·冯·威斯特华伦的影响，后者向他介绍了早期的社会主义思想。
在波恩和柏林求学期间，马克思被黑格尔哲学吸引，但更倾向于激进的“青年黑格尔派”。他的政治观点阻碍了其学术生涯，于是他转向新闻业。他的激进文章引起了普鲁士审查官的注意，导致其出版物被查封，他随后于1843年前往巴黎。
在巴黎这个激进分子的中心，马克思遇到了弗里德里希·恩格斯。两人共同开始为共产主义奠定理论基础。1845年被驱逐出法国后，马克思移居比利时，并参与了共产主义者同盟。1848年，他与恩格斯发表了《共产党宣言》，号召进行革命。
1848年革命失败后，马克思定居伦敦。起初他期待新的革命，但后来转向理论研究，最终完成了《资本论》第一卷（1867年）。1864年，他协助创立了国际工人协会（第一国际），并获得了重要影响力。然而，内部冲突，特别是与无政府主义者的斗争，导致该组织于1876年解散。
马克思晚年生活在伦敦，继续写作并为社会主义运动提供建议，但未再担任正式领导职务。他于1883年逝世，其预言的无产阶级革命尚未实现。